Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the basic functional units of the nervous system. They consist primarily of three parts: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. Dendrites receive external signals, the axon transmits electrical impulses, and the cell body carries out metabolic and nutritional functions.

Neurons connect with one another via synapses, forming intricate networks that transmit and process neural impulses, thereby governing vital processes such as sensation, movement, cognition, and memory. Some neurons are enveloped by myelin sheaths, which accelerate signal conduction. Distributed throughout the body with clearly defined roles, neurons serve as the core mechanism for information transmission and regulation in the human organism.